So they were married, for the king was glad to make an alliance with Rustum. 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He then announced that instead of war, there would be a duel. This paper is an attempt to offer an investigation on the influence of Firdausi, the 10th century poet, and his great work "The Shahnameh" on the West regarding the translations of this book . Rustam takes the second way, and leaves alone, he says: I do not want to be arrested except by the judge. And it was done as Rostam said, and the sounds of revelry were abroad, and Garsivaz rejoiced in the presence of Siawosh. He then tames his legendary stallion, Rakhsh. And here Mehrab now confirms that Zahhaks blood will, in its way, run true in him by turning him to do bad things (we assume). Since he has heard that he is the son of a famous warrior, he too wants to impress his unknown father with his strength. Curl'd minion, dancer, coiner of sweet words! There, Rostam meets princess Tahmina. Part of me hopes thats where its going (and that the doll baby will, in fact, return at all) but part of me thinks its just one more fascinating detail dropped in as part of the story, only there to highlight how great Rostam is and will be. Among the national heroes and literary greats of all time, Ferdowsi has a very special place. Rostam was given the pick of all the horses that roamed Zabolestan and Kabolestan. Ang Shanameh (The Epic Of Kings) ay isang epikong nagmula sa panitikan ng Persya na mas kilala ngayon bilang Iran.Ito ay ang pinakamahabang epiko na naisulat ng isang manunnulat lamang. The mightiest warrior and considered by many the true focus of the 10th c. Persian text The Shahnameh, Rostam's feats are the Islamic literary . I have a very basic entry layer of horse knowledge so this was excellent. OMG an armored vehicle named for a warhorse? In the Shahnameh, Rostam and his predecessors are Marzbans of Sistan (present-day Iran and Afghanistan). And Shugdad said, " This man is foolish. Tahmineh comes to visit Rostam. Rostam and his Horse Rakhsh (Shahnameh Reading Project 10), http://www.bl.uk/learning/images/story/shah/Rostams%20horse%20Rakhsh.jpg, The Beginning of the War Between Iran and Turan. The two armies face each other and prepare for the imminent battle. After this, Rustum makes his way towards the arena. Ever!!! Shahnameh ( Ang Epiko ng Mga Hari ) Nangyari ito ng araw na iyon nang tumayo si Rostam mula sa pagkakahiga at napuno ang kanyang isip ng mga pangitain. Rustum also points out that Sohrab is like a son to him, without knowing the fact that Sohrab was his actual son. The Seven Labors of Rostam. In the grayness of the early dawn, he leaves his bed and makes his solitary way through the black tents of the great encampment to the quarters of Peran-Wisa, commander of the Tartar army. [9], It is written by the Royal Central Asian Society in the Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society that the struggle between Rostam and the Div-e Sepid "White Demon" represents a struggle between Persians and invaders from the northern Caspian provinces.[10]. In tragedy, usually one person (hero) is in the center of . The death of Rostam. The final feat of Rostam's seven labours: Rostam kills the White Demon. Section. Finally, a new war between Zabulistan and Turan is on the horizon. A fact borne in on me these days is that grass type affects manure production. Todays portion: Rostam and His Horse Rakhsh. Meanwhile, the background of Sam, Nariman and Rostam Dastan families (as Hakim Ferdowsi shows us) is examined. The Shahnameh: Sekandar and the Succession. Ernst Herzfeld maintained that the dynasty of Gondophares represented the House of Suren, highest of the five premier families of Parthian Empire, invested with the hereditary right of commanding the royal armies, and placing the crown on the king's head at the coronation. I forgot to post a no post this week post last week. Shahnameh (The Epic of Kings) By: Hakim Abol Qasem Ferdowsi Tousi. We shall see! He is the first reader of "sleep" and thanks to God and Rakhsh's efforts, he survives in good health. I was quite taken with the dolls detailed description. As well as biased people who do not get along well with Iranian culture. Especially when it became apparent that geldings and mares could accomplish the same thing with far less trouble. Hardly more than a boy, he had developed into the mightiest fighter of the Tartar host. that is not what I was imagining by the description of saffron petals, mottled red and gold but I can see how thats near what they meant. Rostam was unaware that he had a son, Sohrab, by Princess Tahmina. Zl was known for his wisdom and was unparalleled in riding and fighting on horseback. Ali and Baba grew up as playmates. He enjoys all the blessings of life for a long time. Russian translation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rostam_and_Sohrab&oldid=1127385420, [The Kite Runner By: Khaled Hosseini, page 29]*, This page was last edited on 14 December 2022, at 11:54. This statue shows the childlike awe of Rostam. Sohrab, dying, tells Rostam that his father will avenge his death and only then do they realize their identities. This line is everything. Ebrahimi, Mokhtar & Taheri, Abdollah. He narrates to him the story besides wherein he challenged once the two armies camped beside the Oxus, all the Persian lord, to cope with him in single fight: but they shrank. Hi! Baba, however, never calls Ali his . At a time when naqqali was very popular, naqqalan who narrated the stories of Abu Muslim, Darabnameh, and Samak-e Ayar, along with poetry and song, gradually turned to other sources, and in the meantime, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh received the most attention. It completely flips the whole this horse is destined for you into this thing that is so special and that you covet? lol. 289429823 Inferno,Shahnameh..docx. . In the novel, The Kite Runner, references are made to the Persian epic, the Shahnameh, which Amir would read to Hassan. Kilala nito si Rostam at may gusto siya rito. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. Rostam or Rustam (Persian: , pronounced [os'tm, s'tm]) is the most celebrated legendary hero in Shahnameh and Iranian mythology. Persian myths in many cases originate from the Shahnameh of Froudesi. Tamineh was afraid for Rustum will be proud of such a son and take him from her. Rostam or Rustam (Persian: [rostm]) is a legendary hero in Persian mythology, the son of Zl and Rudaba, whose life and work was immortalized by the 10th-century Persian poet Ferdowsi in the Shahnameh, or Epic of Kings, which contains pre-Islamic Iranian folklore and history. 10.7596/taksad.v6i1.707. Rudabeh, a woman with hallucinations, feels from the time of pregnancy that she has a child in her womb other than normal children. Rama is honest, straightforward and he was professionally trained by elderly wise men that knew righteousness. This horse was almost impossible to catch - for three years warriors had attempted to tame it and had failed. The Second character I chose was Rama to join me in the retrieval of the book. Bago siya umalis, nagbigay siya nang dalawang regalo para dito. The Shahnameh of Abolqasem Ferdowsi is a sprawling epic focusing on the exploits of kings, heroes, and villains of Persian history and legend.Also known in English as The Book of Kings or the Epic of Kings, the Shahnameh covers the lives of some fifty monarchs (47 kings, 3 queens) in nine "volumes" and 50,000 lines each of 22 syllables in the . Rostam lives for 400 years; Sohrab is his son. Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach: Summary & Analysis. Early in the combat, Rustum is enraged that the youth has so much skill in arms. 'Dreams feel real when we're in them," says Cobb, the main character in Christopher Nolan's blockbuster Inception, which turned ten this past July. Apr 15, 2016. According to the Shahnameh (the tenth-century Book of Kings), this titan, magnificent in strength and courage, bestrode Persia for 500 years. He was a legendary Persian prince from the earliest days of the Persian Empire. Rostam or Rustam is the most celebrated legendary hero in Shahnameh and Iranian mythology. While not free from human weaknesses, he has all the qualities of an ideal man. Rostam The selected adventures of Persia's Hercules, from Iran's great national epic No understanding of world mythology is complete without acquaintance with Rostam, Iran's most celebrated mythological hero. 2015 -2022. Shahname Historical and Cultural Questions, Golden Haggadah - the Book and its Stories, Rakhsh attacking the lion while Rostam sleeps. Repleksyon: Panitikang Persya, Shanameh (The Epic of Kings). Anecdotally its seen as a sign of good health and vigor. A horse I used to have always dappled in Spring when his winter woolies were shedding out and his shiny summer coat was coming in and would have been mottled with gold.. He also promises that he would let all his men go in peace without any bloodshed. Now, The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Ramaya are two of the most well-known epics from early Mesopotamian culture that date back to early examples of bravery. Meanwhile, in the Persian camp, Gudurz, one of the members of the council goes to call Rustum to face the champion of the Tartar army. If she has a girl, she is to take the jewel and plait it in the girl's hair. B. I guess I dont have a very poetical frame of mind! He later underwent a quest to rescue Kay Kavus from the White Demon, which became known as his . Sohrab strikes Rustums Helm (helmet) with his sword. Nearly four centuries after the Arab conquest, the "Shahnameh" tells the story of pre-Islamic Iranwhen Persian civilization was at its zenith. So very much destined for you that its mother protects it and no one else can even come near it to start it under saddle??!!!??? Sohrab gets up on his feet answers back saying that he was not scared of him. Dappling is something that many horses do in Spring and maintain through Summer. He realizes that the Sohrab was his son and he himself had killed him. In this section the lines are: the earth turned the color of ebony beneath the cavalrys hooves and the earth turned black as pitch. Im wondering what this is in reference to. Sohrab then replies back to Rustum and tells him that it was not an unknown man but Rustum who slew him. This is how he describes the castle to him. 38 No. During the night the soldiers are asleep. His mother Rudaba was a princess of Kabul. Summary: Chapter 4. Rostam was always represented as the mightiest of Iranian paladins (holy warriors), and the atmosphere of the episodes in which he features is strongly reminiscent of the Parthian Empire. Translated by: Helen Zimmern. Such a story tells us of the . He was as mighty as his father. He tells him that he has made his father and his friends proud for having faced a tough warrior like himself. They fight with spear and club and both have gained mastery over their respective weapons. He picked a mare who was famous for his speed and spirit. and their war mares were considered priceless. To show off that they were all ace horsemen? I loved a number of the poetic phrases present in this section: I say pearls, but it was peace to the soul that she brought. Just as famous as Rostam was his horse Rakhsh, which had an incredibly long life like Rostam, due to divine protection, and died at the same time as Rostam. These related the deeds of the hero Garshasp and his descendants, Narimn, Sm, Zl or Dastn, and above all of the latter's son Rostam. The poet then gives us a glimpse of the past. It tells the tragic story of the heroes Rostam and his son, Sohrab. Even when the demon takes him off the ground and puts him on the verge of extinction. . Sohrab takes a few steps behind and then falls to the ground for the last time. Abstract. TG: At first I was very worried Rudabeh was going to die giving birth to Rostam, in some terrible metaphor about how hes too great and strong for this earth, much less a human womans body. All rights reserved. After years without any real knowledge of one another, Rostam and Sohrab faced each other in battle, fighting on opposing sides. By then, Sohrab has become known as the best fighter of Turan army. He had not seen the Princess for many years. Rostam breached the fortress, defeated the enemy, ransacked its treasury and reported his success to his father, Zl and grandfather, Sam. In the Shahnameh, Rostam is a native of Zabulistan, a historical region roughly corresponding to today's Zabul Province, southern Afghanistan. Above everything else, he wants to find his father whom he has never seen, the incomparable Rustum, invincible chieftain of the Persians. She protected her foal for his destiny . My kind of epic!! Structure and Context of the Shahnameh. He also tells him that he pities his mother who in ader-baijan dwells who with her father, who grows grey with age, and rules over the valiant Kurds camp. Pagkatapos nang matagal at mabigat na paglalaban, naramdaman ni Rostam na nanghihina na siya. His second heroic act is to go to "Sepand Mountain", to the mountain of a huge castle whose people rebelled and until one day it did not succeed in opening it, Nariman was killed at its foot, Sam who marched at the request of his father, after years Besieged, failed to return. I had the idea that geldings and mares were simply more reliable for serious business like war, but maybe that is a more modern thing (I mean, besides the Bedouins, and other exceptions like that). Source: Wikimedia Commons. Buy me a coffee: https://ko-fi.com/fictionbeast**NEW VIDEO** 10 things I love about Ferdowsi Shahnameh: https://youtu.be/cuEGVSiybFEFerdowsi's Shahnameh, a t. I actually read this section and the next one right after finishing the Turan/Iran war section because I was so filled with adrenalin and with all the what happens next! feels. Knights would supply their own horses and gear and cavalry was a small part of fighting units (I think? But lets talk about the doll baby for a moment: in any modern Western narrative that would be the beginning of a story in which the doll becomes Rostams ultimate weakness, or evil doppelganger possessed by the devil or something. This man is the embodiment of the thoughts and aspirations of our predecessors. Today's portion: Rostam, The Son of Zal-Dastan. Rustum, thinks that it is a trick and rebukes Sohrabs amazement. Siavash (in Persian: ) is a major figure in Ferdowsi's epic, the Shahnameh. The profile of Rustam, shown on different paintings at Pendzhikent, is very distinct from the other depictions in the Sogdian art, and resembles the Hephthalite prototypes. But then Sohrab stops him by giving him solace. The strike hits Rustum in return and Rustum falls to the ground. nushdru bad az marge Sohrb (Medicine comes after the death of Sohrab): While men go after the leech, the body is buried. Being an animal, he is able to comprehend the sad fate befallen on his master and his son. The horse follows him like a faithful dog. Chou Rostam was free to walk on eight sabans. If we pass through his incredible longevity in a few incidents such as Haft Khan, we see almost no income in his life that we can not justify with our earthly logic.Rostam, son of Zal, son of Sam, son of Nariman, is from the Garshasb family and his mother, Rudabeh, is the daughter of Mehrab Shah Kaboli. Quote Analysis: The unexamined life is not worth living, Treaty of Versailles: How America, France & Britain Benefited, The Scarlet Letter: Analysis, Summary, Themes, The 1968 Tet Offensive: Summary & Analysis, The Four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, Refractive Indices of Water and Oil: Lab Explained, Hitlers Consolidation of Power: The Night of Long Knives. Synopsis:Rostram chooses a horse that was foretold to be his. In the fight, Sohrab gains the upper hand. In Shahnameh, Rostam and his predecessors are Marzbans of Sistan (present-day Iran and Afghanistan). Dumating maya maya si Tahmina upang iligtas silang parehas sa away, ngunit nahuli na siya at ang naabutan na lamang niya ay ang anak niyang si Sohrab na mamamatay na sa mga braso ng kanyang ama. The Shahnama or Book of Kings is an epic poem written in 1010 and containing about 60,000 couplets. the Iranian heroes like elephant-sized Rostam, or the royal villains of Turan, as well as India, Byzantium and China but with Alexander the Great, Sasanian kings, or Sa'd b . However, his physical and mental strength overcomes the events. Rostam's life and familyRostam, Jahan Pahlavan, slanderer of Pilten, who is the first hero of Shahnameh. It would be Hassan's influence in naming his son Sohrab. Around the same time, two young men who are driving while drunk and high hit and kill Ali 's parents. For more details of these cookies and how to disable them, see our cookie policy. The reigns of these kings, called shh-s in Persian, extend from the mythical past all the way to the historical moment when Iran, once a mighty empire, finally collapsed. Art thou, not he? Sohrab was only told about the name of his father. RACHEL I HAD NO IDEA DAPPLING WAS A THING THAT CHANGED SEASONALLY ON HORSES. (Shahnameh, 10). Chou Rostam was free to walk on eight sabans. Death is the end of the journey. A survey of impact of Shahnameh on modern and contemporary art of Iran By Akram Ahmadi Tavana Foreword by Dr. Firuza Melville Director of Research, Shahnameh Centre . He survives by trickery, and it is not unusual for someone to fall from the sky into the sea and survive. Rostam and Sohrab are the main warrior-heroes out of dozens who come to life in the Shahnameh. Interesting to me that the horses are linked to lions and dragons Ive read some in the past about war horses, and they truly are vicious when trained for war. Ruksh, the same horse given by Tamineh to Rustum comes on the scene. 8 - Rostam and Sohrab. 66 No. He then invites him to give his best in the fight and not to hold back. On the battlefield, Rostam and Sohrab fight for what seems like an eternity, neither knowing the true name of his opponent. I dont know about the Turkish but perhaps many of the Arab horses would have been mares (probably not the most prized war mares unless they managed to take them in battle)? At this point, Rustum tells Sohrab to back out. That did make me curious about Roman cavalry though which I thought was fairly large (sometimes up to 600 horses? Ngunit ayaw mawala ni Rostam ang magandang reputasyon niya. Ouch! Interesting that the horse is painted in a pattern like a leopard or giraffe! Kilala si Sohrab bilang pinaka magaling na mandirigma sa hukbong ng Turan. However, the roots of the narrative date much earlier. He also bid his horse Ruksh to follow him. Sa paghahanap ng kanyang kabayo, nakapasok siya sa isang kaharian ng Samangan kung saan naging bisita siya ng hari habang hinahanap niya ang kanyang kabayong nawawala. Rostam's mother Rudaba, the princess of Kabul, was known for her peerless beauty, and Rostam's father was Zl. to accept one fate is to accept all fate. Amazing! Then in 1814 James Atkinson translated the story of Rustam & Sohrab in both prose and verse. One of them became free. Because Kavous is caught in Mazandaran, Zal sends Rostam to rescue him and tells him that there are two ways to get there, one is a long and safe way and the other is a short and dangerous way. But young as he is, Sohrab is not ready to listen to him. lol. The portraits feature narrow skulls, V-shaped eyebrows, hooked noses and heavy jaws, and thus closely resemble some portraits of Khingila on the coins(Grenet 2002, 218-219). We're using the Dick Davis translation (Penguin Classics). The strange thing is that this man, whose life is mixed with all the myths, his existence will never be separated from an ordinary earthly human being. These battles arent exactly stealthy but its made me curious about researching that again to see if its actually true. These words of Gudurz, trigger the warriors spirit within Rustum and he decides to take part in the duel. No understanding of world mythology is complete without acquaintance with Rostam, Iran's most celebrated mythological hero. This is all very fascinating. Dick Davis"our pre-eminent translator from the Persian" (The Washington Post)has revised and expanded his acclaimed translation of Ferdowsi's masterpiece, adding more than 100 pages of newly translated text. The world was observed as a star. Defying all expectations, Rostan was able to catch and mount the horse. He is also conspicuously a nomad. The epic proceeds through the reign of many . Rostam was given the pick of all the horses that roamed Zabolestan and Kabolestan. The poem is an account of Sohrab's search for his father, who disappeared years earlier. It is death, which gives life, awe and grandeur and meaning, the meaning of every hero's life in the way he dies. (Rostam s First Ordeal) thatMelikian reproduces This content downloaded from 132.174.255.230 on Fri, 13 Feb 2015 14:41:29 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions A DISENCHANTING ECHO OF SAFAVID ART HISTORY 255 inscriptionwhich does not even . One of the most famous figures in Persian legend is Rostam (the son of Zal and Rudabeh), whose story is also in the Shahnameh. God's luck and approval are with him. Shahnameh : the Persian book of kings /. Finally, when the dust settles, the two armies see Rustum standing on his feet while Sohrab lying on the ground. Were using the Dick Davis translation (Penguin Classics). Similar approach is observed in the romantic relationship of Sudabeh to Siavash, Golnar to Ardeshir, and Arezo to BahramGur (Yusufi, 1977, p. 1-15). This is because of something I read many years ago about mares often having been preferred because they are less likely to call out than stallions when youre doing stealthy work. One of my servants ate the hero Sam and fell asleep I will ask for a heavy horse and I will send it to youRostam's first heroic act, when he is still a child, begins with killing the white elephant. Rostam was eventually killed by Shaghad, his half-brother. Rostam is best known for his tragic fight with Esfandiyr, the other legendary Iranian hero; for his expedition to Mazandaran (not to be confused with the modern Mazandaran Province); and for tragically fighting and killing his son, Sohrab, without knowing who his opponent was. So cool for that to be an aspect of the birth. Sohrab and Rustum, epic poem in blank verse by Matthew Arnold, published in 1853 in his collection Poems. The strike hits Rustum in return and Rustum falls to the ground. Gudurz then taunts him by asking him a rhetorical question as to what the people would say once Rustum says no to the challenge. This man is the embodiment of the thoughts and aspirations of our predecessors. The story jumps back in time to 1933, the year Baba is born and Zahir Shah becomes king of Afghanistan. Meanwhile, the background of Sam, Nariman and Rostam Dastan families (as Hakim Ferdowsi shows us) is examined. In some recent publications Frantz Grenet has attempted to find pictorial allusions several centuries earlier, in the smurgh depicted on the buckle of Shapur I (AD 240272) on the Rag-i Bb rock relief in northern Afghanistan, and in the scene of a prince breaking in a foal depicted on an Eastern Sasanian silver dish attributed to the first half of the fourth century. He was immortalized by the 10th century Persian poet Ferdowsi in . Click one of our representatives below to chat on WhatsApp or send us email to info@artmag.ir, Artmag.ir Copyright. According to the Shahnameh (the tenth-century Book of Kings ), this titan, magnificent in strength and courage, bestrode Persia for 500 years. Depiction of Rostam and Sohrab from the Windsor Shahnameh, 1648, signed by Mohammad Yusef the Painter. So he took a tender farewell of Tamineh and gave her an amulet made of onyx stone which he got from his arm, and said: If Heaven should grant thee a little daughter in my absence bind this onyx in her hair; but if a son, place it upon his arm, then shall he be strong of limb as Sahm, my grandsire, and graceful of speech as Zal, my father.. After Zl's father, Sam learned of his grandchild's birth, he rushed to see Rostam and was overjoyed. : One of the children was sewn from silk on top of that uneaten milk. By: Sara, Ghazal,Asra Story's Background and Characters Rostam is one of the most admired people in the whole country and is given the title " hero".He is the powerful Persian hero warrior of the Shahnameh, is the sworn loyal protector (Pahlavan/Daleer) of Persia (Iran), a Turan and Turanians have always been a symbol of the enemy and aggressor for this border and region. Journal of History Culture and Art Research. He picked a mare who was famous for his . , TG Happy to supply horse facts. In Shahnameh, Rostamlike his grandfather Samworks as both a faithful military general as well as king-maker for the Kayanian dynasty of Persia. Among Arnold's sources for this heroic romance set in ancient Persia were translations of an epic by the Persian poet Ferdows and Sir John Malcolm's History of Persia (1815). What do you know about the sculptures of Mellat Park? Then "the breath departed from out her body, and her spirit went forth after Sohrab her son."[2][1]. BACKGROUND ON THE TEXT The Shahnameh is structured according to the mythical and historical reign of 50 Persian Kings. Chapter 4 opens with the back story of Ali, who was orphaned and welcomed into the home of Amir's grandfather, a respected judge. Rustam mourns Suhrab. When Tahmina finds out her son is dead, she burns Sohrab's house and gives away all his riches. And why on earth would Sam and Zal laugh at Mehrab, when we all know that laughing at someone usually just really pisses them off? 71 No. [1] Statue of Rostam and Sohrab. And so detailed! Rostam felt it was fated that Rakhsh was his horse. He also has spontaneous wisdom. He gives the good news to Zal [1] that he will soon have a son who will be the power of an elephant on top of one head and this child will be born not in the usual way but by splitting the side. Though Sohrab knows his father' name, he is unaware that the man before him is Rostam. Ang kanyang gawa ay kinikilala na pinaka maimpluwensiyang akda sa panitikan ng Persiya. Join Tessa Gratton and me as we read the Shahnameh by Abolqasem Ferdowsi. Hassan's favorite book is the Shahnamah, and his favorite story is "Rostam and Sohrab," the story of a father who knowingly kills a man who is unknowingly his son. Does anyone else ever wonder if its unfamiliarity with the cultural references or if any of these tid bits that seem to come from nowhere (and possibly never show up again) have to do with the abridgement? Of the kinds of horses used in Middle Ages European military, destriers were the most likely to be stallions. Rostam was impressed: Like saffron petals, mottled red and gold; An elephant in massive strength and might'. Rustam was always represented as the mightiest of Iranian paladins ( holy warriors ) and the atmosphere of the episodes in which he features is strongly reminiscent of the Parthian period. Isang araw ay nagkaharap sa isang digmaan ang mag-ama at sa umpisa ay hindi nila nakilala ang isa't isa. He also requests to put an inscription which read, Sohrab, the mighty Rustums son lies there, whom his great father did in ignorance kill. Being the son of a princess and a military commander, he was trained from childhood in warfare tactics and afterwards conquered the fortress of Mount Sipand as his first assignment. It relies on both its physical strength and its spiritual strength. We're using the Dick Davis translation (Penguin Classics). Nicholas Sims-Williams has referred to the personal name Purlang-zin, spelt in Greek script, in a Bactrian document which was almost certainly written in the fourth century under Sasanian rule, claiming that this may be translated as the man with the panthers skin and that it represents a clear reference to the zn-i palang of Rustam. [] the first element of this name, is the Bactrian word for panther or leopard.[2].